Theni district

Theni District
—  district  —
Coordinates
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
District(s) Theni
Subdistrict(s) Periyakulam, Theni, Andipatti, Uthamapalayam, Bodinayakanur
' July 07, 1996
Headquarters Theni
Largest city Theni
Collector & District Magistrate Dr K.S Palanisami IAS
Legislature (seats) elected (5)
Population

• Density
• Metro

 1,243,684[1] (2011)

• 430 /km2 (1,114 /sq mi)
• 591,841 (2001)
Sex ratio M-50.5%/F-49.5% ♂/♀
Literacy

• Male
• Female

 71.58%% 

• 81.88%%
• 61.19%%
Official languages Tamil
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
Area

• Coastline

 2,889 square kilometres (1,115 sq mi)

• 0 kilometres (0 mi)
Climate

• Precipitation
Temperature
• Summer
• Winter

•      833.5 mm (32.81 in)

•      40.5 °C (104.9 °F)
•      15 °C (59 °F)
Central location:
Website Official website of District Collectorate, Theni

Theni District (Tamil: தேனி மாவட்டம்) is a district of Tamil Nadu state in South India. The city of Theni is the district headquarters. The district is divided into two natural divisions: The hilly areas constituted by parts of the three taluks Periyakulam, Uthamapalayam and Andipatti with thick vegetation and perennial streams from the hills on the western side and Cumbum valley which lies in Uthamapalayam taluk.[2]

Contents

History

Theni District was formed by the bifurcation from erstwhile Madurai District as per G.O. Ms. No. 679 Revenue Department Dated July 7, 1996. Consequent to the bifurcation, one new Revenue Division with headquarters at Uthamapalayam and two new Taluks at Theni and Bodinayakanur were also created with effect from January 1, 1997. Theni Municipal town was only a firka headquarters until December 31, 1996. Consequent to the formation of the new District, Theni Municipal Town was upgraded as the Taluk and District headquarters on January 1, 1997.[3]

The region covered by present day Theni District was scarcely populated before 1900s. In 1886 Mullaperiyar dam project brings some part of water from Periyaar River downhill to Cumbum Valley and merge into Mullai river. This project helped more people to settle down in Cumbum Valley. Also to be noted that Theni is itself a small and less-known town by 1900s. After the Mulllai-Periyaar merger project lots of people from nearby dry arid regions (Sivakasi, Kovilpatti, Virudhunagar, Sattur and several nearby towns) settled in Cumbum-Valley (present day Theni District). So there was influx of people by 1890s to 1920s. Bodi and Allinagaram are famous places at that age. Later Theni developed in rapid pace due to lots of business activities.

Geography

The 2,889 km2 (1,115 sq mi) district lies at the foot of the Western Ghats between 9' 39' and 10' 30' North latitude and between 77' 00' and 78' 30' of East Longitude. Central location: . The district is bounded by Dindigul District to the north, Madurai District to the east, Virudhunagar District to the southwest, and Idukki district of the Kerala State to the west. The district is home to Theni, Periyakulam, Bodinayakanur, Cumbum, Uthamapalayam, kombai, Gudalur, Chinnamanur, Andipatti, Thevaram, Lakshmipuram and several other small villages like SukkangalPatti, Meenatchipuram, Melasindalaichery, Kottur, Pallavarayan patti a popular village in Tamilnadu JallikattuKamatchipuram. It is diversified by several ranges and hills. A range of hills which runs parallel to Western Ghats from north to south separate it from the neighboring state of Kerala.[4]

Climate- In the plains, the temperatures range from a minimum of 13 °C to a maximum of 39.5 °C. In the hills the temperatures can range from as low as 4-5 °C to 25 °C. The district is known for its salubrious climate, hills and lakes.

Rivers and dams- The Vaigai River, Kottagudi River, Suruliyar River, Varaganathi River, Manjalar River and Varattaru River flow through the district. The important reservoirs in the district are Vaigai Dam, Manjalaru Dam, Sothuparai Dam, Sanmughanathi Dam, Manalaru Dam and Melmanalaru Dam.

Economy

Its economy is mostly agricultural. Utilisation of land area for cultivation in Theni district is 40.33%.[2][5] The principal crop production (in tonnes) in 2005-2006 was: sugarcane 1,201,221, cotton 95,360 (561 bales of 170. kg lint each), rice (paddy) 66,093, millets and other cereals 57,081, pulses 6,677, groundnut 4,021 and gingelly 325.[6] Silk, Banana, Coconut, Tea, Coffee, Cardamom, Grapes and Mangoes are other main produce of the district.[7]

Cumbum Valley is a major centre for grape production with 4,000 small farmers producing over 90,000 tonnes of Muscat grapes, know locally as panneer dhrakshai and about 10,000 tonnes of Thomson seedless grapes. The unique feature here is that the grapes are harvested throughout the year, while in most grape growing centres elsewhere the season ends with summer.

Cotton Spinning Mills and Sugar Mills are the major industries in this District. In Andipatti Taluk Handloom weaving and power looms are flourishing. In Uthamapalayam Taluk, the Highwavis Estate produces an important amount of Tea. Bodinayakanur is a major market place for cardamom, coffee, tea and black pepper. This city is also called "Cardamom City" because of the large quantity of cardamom trade in this area. It has an auction centre for cardamom.[4]

The Periyar and Surliar Hydro Power Stations and the Vaigai Micro Hydro Power Station have 181 MW installed capacity and actual power generation of 494 MW in 1996 in this District.[2][8] Theni is one of the active business hubs in the western side of Tamilnadu, inviting more industries to its locality. The district currently has 41.09 km of Metre gauge track serving 3 Railway Stations which connect to Madurai.[2][5]

Forest resources

The forest area in Theni district is about 33.70%. There are 27 forest areas in Theni district constituting a total area of 795.81 km2 (307.26 sq mi). 19 areas fall under the Reserve Forest category with 255.44 km2 (98.63 sq mi), 8 areas under Reserve Land category with 540.37 km2 (208.64 sq mi). Total area of forest under green cover classification was 806.86 km2 (311.53 sq mi). Dense forest and Sparse forest are 292.81 km2 (113.05 sq mi) and 22.43 km2 (8.66 sq mi) respectively. There is no Unclassed Forest type in the district. About 44.65 km2 (17.24 sq mi) of Man Made Forest Area are cultivated in the district. Wattle, Softwood, Fuel wood, Cashew, Neem, Tamarind are the main forest plantation species in Theni district.[2]

There has been no conservation of biological resources in the district. The information of wild life census in Theni district is yet to be made available.[2]

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Theni district has a population of 1,243,684,[9] roughly equal to the nation of Trinidad and Tobago[10] or the US state of New Hampshire.[11] This gives it a ranking of 386th in India (out of a total of 640).[9] The district has a population density of 433 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,120 /sq mi) .[9] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.69 %.[9] Theni has a sex ratio of 990 females for every 1000 males,[9] and a literacy rate of 77.62 %.[9]

Education

Schools

  1. Theni Kammavar Sangam Matriculation School, Theni
  2. Government Higher Secondary School.Odaipatty
  3. Hindu middle school Pallavarayan patti
  4. Hindu Nadar Middle School, SukkangalPatti
  5. Goodsam CBSE School, SukkangalPatti
  6. SriRam Nursery/Primary School, Odaipatti
  7. NSS Middle School, Kottur
  8. PU Elementary School, T. Meenatchipuram
  9. Government middle school SUNDHARARAJAPURAM,AUNDIPATTI
  10. c.s.i elementary school. viswasapuram-bodi.
  11. mannar padidurai devar middle school viswasapuram- bodi

High/higher secondary schools-

  1. Theni Kammavar Sangam Matriculation School, Theni
  2. Shri Renuga Vidhyalaya, Lakshmipuram
  3. Theni Melapettai Hindu Nadar Uravinmurai School, Muthuthevanpatti
  4. Velammal School,Muthuthevanpatti
  5. Velammal Vidhyalaya,Muthuthevanpatti
  6. Government Higher Secondary School, Aundipatti
  7. Government Higher Secondary School, Kottur
  8. R.C High School, Kottur
  9. Government Higher Secondary School, Aundipatti
  10. Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Aundipatti
  11. Government Higher Secondary School, T.Subbulapuram
  12. Government Higher Secondary School, Okkaraipatti
  13. Government Higher Secondary School, Kanniappapillaipatti
  14. Government Higher Secondary School, Theppampatti
  15. Government Higher Secondary School, Rengasamutram
  16. Government Higher Secondary School, Rajathani
  17. Government Adi Dravidar Welfare Higher Secondary School, T.Bomminaickanpatti
  18. Government Adi Dravidar Welfare Higher Secondary School, Kunnur
  19. Government High School, P.Tharmathupatti
  20. Government High School, Kondamanaickanpatti
  21. Government High School, Anuppapatti
  22. Government High School, Asaripatti
  23. Government High School, G.Usilampatti
  24. Government High School, Thekkampatti
  25. Government High School, Shanmugasundarapuram
  26. Government High School, Kothapatti
  27. Government High School, Balacombai
  28. Government High School, Ethakoil
  29. Government Adi Dravidar Welfare High School, Ammatchiapuram
  30. Hindu High School, Jakkampatti
  31. Government Higher Secondary School, Gandamanur
  32. Government Higher Secondary School, Varusanadu
  33. Government Higher Secondary School, Kumananthozhu
  34. Government Higher Secondary School, Thangammalpuram
  35. Government Higher Secondary School, Kadamalaikundu
  36. G.R.V. Higher Secondary School, Mayiladumparai
  37. Government High School, Manthisunai
  38. Government High School, Thummakundu
  39. Government High School, Rajendra Nagar
  40. Government High School, Vaikalparai
  41. Government High School, Murukkodai
  42. V.M. Government Boys Higher Secondary School, Periyakulam
  43. Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Periyakulam
  44. Government Higher Secondary School, Lakshmipuram
  45. Government Higher Secondary School, Devathanapatti
  46. Government Higher Secondary School, G.Kallupatti
  47. Government Higher Secondary School, Vadugapatti
  48. Government Higher Secondary School, Jeyamangalam
  49. Government Higher Secondary School, Silvarpatti
  50. Government Higher Secondary School, A.Vadipatti
  51. St. Annes Higher Secondary School, Periyakulam
  52. Government High School, Thamaraikulam
  53. Government High School, Vaigai Dam
  54. Government High School, Genguvarpatti
  55. Government High School, Kullapuram
  56. Government High School, T.Kallipatti
  57. Government High School, Bomminayakanpatti
  58. Government Kallar High School, E.Pudhupatti
  59. St.Peters High School, G.Kallupatti
  60. Government Higher Secondary School, Allinagaram
  61. Government Higher Secondary School, Veerapandi
  62. Government Higher Secondary School, Koduvilarpatti
  63. Government Higher Secondary School, Kottur
  64. Government Higher Secondary School, Tharmapuri
  65. N.S.Boys Higher Secondary School, Theni
  66. N.S.Girls Higher Secondary School, Theni
  67. S.V.V. Higher Secondary School, Venkatachalapuram
  68. P.M. Higher Secondary School, Palanichettipatti
  69. Presentation Convent Higher Secondary School, Theni
  70. Government High School, Srirengapuram
  71. Government Kallar High School, Annanji
  72. N.A.Konduraja High School, Theni
  73. Muthaiah High School, Allinagaram
  74. Kammatharma High School, Govindanagaram
  75. R.C. High School, Theni
  76. Government Kallar High School, Muthanampatti
  77. Muthalamman Hindu High School, Vadapudhupatti
  1. N.S.K.P. Higher Secondary School, Gudalur
  2. Government Higher Secondary School, Silamalai
  3. Government Higher Secondary School, Boothipuram
  4. Government Higher Secondary School, Sillamarathupatti
  5. 7th Ward Higher Secondary School, Bodinayakanur
  6. Z.K.M. Higher Secondary School, Bodinayakanur
  7. Pankajam Girls Higher Secondary School, Bodinayakanur
  8. Nadar Higher Secondary School, Thirumalapuram
  9. Government High School, Melachokanathapuram
  10. Government Kallar High School, B.Anaikaraipatti
  11. Patchaiappa Higher Secondary School, Uppukottai
  12. K.P.K.D. High School, Batrakalipuram
  13. Government Higher Secondary School, Kutchanur
  14. Government Higher Secondary School, Odaipatti
  15. Government Kallar Higher Secondary School, Vellaiammalpuram
  16. S.K.A. Higher Secondary School, Chinnamanur
  17. P.H.N. Higher Secondary School, Kamatchipuram
  18. K.V.A. Girls Higher Secondary School, Chinnamanur
  19. G.V.B. Higher Secondary School, Kanniservaipatti
  20. Government High School, Ramakrishnapuram
  21. Government High School, Pulikuthi
  22. Government High School, Seepalakottai
  23. Government High School, Erasakkanaickanur
  24. Government High School, Sankarapuram
  25. Government Kallar High School, Markayankottai
  26. Government Kallar High School, Muthayanchettipatti
  27. Government Higher Secondary School, Uthamapalayam
  28. Government Higher Secondary School, Thevaram
  29. Government Higher Secondary School, Pannaipuram
  30. S.U.M. Higher Secondary School, Royappanpatti
  31. St. Aloysius Higher Secondary Rayappanpatti
  32. St. Agnes. Girls Higher Secondary School, Rayappanpatti
  33. St. Agnes. Convent, Rayappanpatti
  34. S.K.P. Higher Secondary School, Kombai
  35. Amala Annai Higher Secondary School, T.Sindalaseri
  36. Government High School, U.Ammapatti
  37. Government High School, Melasindalaichery
  38. Mohammed Fathima High School, Uthamapalayam
  39. Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Cumbum
  40. Government Higher Secondary School, C.Pudupatti
  41. Government Higher Secondary School, Kamayakoundanpatti
  42. Government Higher Secondary School, Surulipatti
  43. Government Kallar Higher Secondary School, Uthamapuram
  44. Government Kallar Higher Secondary School, Melagudalur
  45. C.P.U. Higher Secondary School, Cumbum
  46. Kasthuribai Girls Higher Secondary School, Cumbum
  47. Government High School, Highwavis
  48. Government Kallar High School, Karunayakanmuthanpatti
  49. S.M.P.M. High School, Cumbum
  50. Ilagi High School, Cumbum
  51. Sri A.L.V. High School, C.Pudhupatti
  52. Thiruvalluvar High School, Gudalur
  53. Good Sheperd High School, Eravangalar
  54. 10th Ward Municipal High School, Bodinayakanur
  55. Government Kallar High School, Kullapagoundanpatti.
  56. S.R.M. High School, Lakshminayakanpatti
  57. St.Joseph High School, Uthamapalayam
  58. Sri Kannika Parameshwari Higher Secondary School, Kombai
  59. S.A.B. Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Uthamapalayam[3]

Colleges

Medical college-

  1. Theni Government Medical College and Hospital, Theni.

The Government (University )arts and science colleges-

  1. M.K.University College, Aundipatti
  2. M.K.Univarsity Arts And Science College, Kottur

Govt Polytechnic colleges-

Self-financing engineering colleges-

  1. Theni Kammavar Sangam Institute of Technology, Koduvilarpatti, Theni.
  2. Bharath Niketan Engineering College, Thimmarasanaickanur Aundipatti.
  3. Odaiyappa College of Engineering and Technology, Vadapudhupatti, Periyakulam.
  4. Theni Nadar Saraswathy College of Engineering and Technology, Vadapudhupatti, Periyakulam.

Agricultural college-

  1. Horticultural College and Research Institute, Nalla Karrupan patty, Periyakulam.

Forest college-

  1. Government Forest Training College, Vaigai Dam, Theni.

Self-financing polytechnic colleges-

  1. Theni Kammavar Sangam Polytechnic college, Theni.
  2. Bharath-Niketan polytechnic College, Aundipatti
  3. Thangam-Muthu Polytechnic, Nalla Karuppan patty, Periyakulam.
  4. Devangar Polytechnic, Devathanapatti, Periyakulam

Government-aided arts and science colleges-

  1. C.P.A.College, Bodinayakanaur
  2. Hajee Karutha Rauther Howdia College, Uthamapalayam
  3. Jayaraj Annapackiam College for Women, Periyakulam

Self-financing arts and science colleges-

  1. Theni Kammavar Sangam College of Arts & Science, Koduvilarpatti, Theni
  2. Jayaraj Chella Durai College, Nalla Karuppan Patty, Periyakulam East
  3. Nadar Saraswathi College of Arts and Science, Vadapudupatti, Theni
  4. Sri Adi Chunchanagiri Women's College, Cumbum
  5. Theni College of Arts and Science, Veerapandi, Theni

Self-financing educational college-

  1. Theni Kammavar Sangam College of Technology, Koduvilarpatti, Theni
  2. St. Aloysius College of Education, Royappanpatti, Theni
  3. Diraviam College of Education, Kailasapatti, Periyakulam
  4. Nadar Saraswathi College of Education,Vadapudupatti, Theni
  5. Sourastra College of Education, Veerapandi, Theni
  6. V.P.R.College of Education, Muthuthevanpatti, Theni

Tourism

Cumbum, Uthamapalayam and Theni are charming towns in the district. Resounding cascades, silver-lined clouds resting a top billiard green hill tops, sheer rock faces and temples of antiquity distinguish these places. These unique places warm the soul and provide the much-needed balm to the mind.

Places of interest-

  1. Vaigai Dam (~20 km from Theni)
  2. Suruli falls (~50 km from Theni)
  3. Meghamalai Hill (~67 km from Theni)
  4. Bodi Mettu Hill (~45 km from Theni)
  5. Kumbakarai Falls (~24 km from Theni)
  6. Sothuparai Dam (~24 km from Theni)
  7. Shanmuganathi Dam (~50 km from Theni)
  8. Chinna Suruli falls (~15 km from Theni)

Nearest Places in Kerala

  1. Thekkadi (~ 80 km from theni)
  2. Munnar (~ 95 km from theni)

Temples-

  1. Kottur Marriyaman Temple,Seelakari amman Temple,Krishna Temple (~15 km from Theni)
  2. Pulikuthi Kamachi amman Temple, Perumal Template & Ayyappan Temple (~20 km from Theni)
  3. Kalatheeswarar Gnanamman Temple, Uthamapalayam (~30 km from Theni)
  4. Cumbaraya Perumal Temple, Cumbam (~36 km from Theni)
  5. Veerapandi Gowmariamman Temple (~8 km from Theni)
  6. Kuchanur Saneeswarar Temple (~25 km from Theni) Kutchanur Saneeswaran Temple History in Tamil
  7. Chinnamanur Boolanantheeswarar and Sivagamiamman Temple (~26 km from Theni)Chinnamanur Boolanantheeswarar and Sivagamiamman Temple History in Tamil
  8. Theertha thotti Subramanya Temple (~16 km from Theni)
  9. Periyakulam Balasubramanya Temple (~16 km from Theni)
  10. Devadanapatti Kamatchi Amman Temple (~35 km from Theni)
  11. Kamatchipuram Sri Pathira Kaliyamman Temple (~20 km from Theni)
  12. Mavoothu Vellappar Temple (~25 km from Theni)
  13. Suruli Vellapar Temple (~50 km from Theni)
  14. Karuppuswami Temple (~40 km from theni)
  15. Mallingar Swamy Temple, Mallingapuram (~40 km from Theni)
  16. Bagavathi Amman Temple, Vadugapatti (~18 km from Theni)
  17. Bodinayakanur Paramashivan Koil South Thiruvannamalai (`22 km from Theni)
  18. Bodinayakanur Orsuluvar Kula Srimathu Kamatchiamman Koil, J.K.Patti (`15 km from Theni)
  19. kombai ranganatha perumal kovil (~28 km from theni)
  20. ranganathar kovil THEVARAM (~50 km from Theni)

[12]

Churches-

  1. Hanumanthanpatty Holy Spirit Church, Hanumanthanpatty.
  2. Uthamapalayam St.Vinnarasi Church
  3. Rayappan patti Pani (snow) Maya Matha Church
  4. Chinnamanur Bethel Church India, PTR Channel Road, Annamalai Nagar
  5. T.Sindala CherySacred Heart Church, T.Sindala Chery (KOVIL SINDALA CHERY)
  6. Anaimalayanpatty C.S.I Bethlahem Church, (ANAIMALAYAN PATTY)
  7. VISWASAPURAM-bodi C.S.I.Vilot Martin Church,(viswasapuram-bodinayakanur)

Mosques-

  1. Periya Palli vasal, Uthamapalayam
  2. Shabi Pallivasal, Uthamapalayam
  3. Haji Harutha Rowther Matharasha Pallivasal, Uthamapalayam
  4. Noorul huda palivasal, Uthamapalayam
  5. Vaaver Palli Vasal [cumbum]
  6. Masjithe ilahi cumbum
  7. Mohideen pallivasal cumbum
  8. masjithe Noor cumbum
  9. Ajeesiya cumbum
  10. Kaattu Palli Vasal [cumbum]
  11. Pallivasal in Kuchanur[12]

Festivals

The Ramzan Peru naal Thozhuhai at Uthamapalayam in Theni is a very famous for the district. The celebration of Gowmariyamman temple festival at Veerapandi and cumbum during the month of May, Veerappa Ayyanar festival at Theni, Kamatchi Amman festival at Devadhanapatti and Saneeswaran Temple festival at Kuchanoor are the most important festivals of the district. Theni district is known for its brilliant celebration of Pongal, which is considered to be one of the most important festivals of Tamil Nadu. Pallavarayanpatti, Ayyampatti and pudupatti is very famous for its Jallikattu during the Pongal festival. Another important festival is Chitra Pournami festival, which is celebrated at Sri Mangala Devi Kannagi temple, on the Western Ghats near Gudalur during the month of May. Other important festivals of the region are the festivals of Masi Maham and Shivarathri which are celebrated in the Kamatchi Amman Temple during the months of February–March and kottur eagaadesi.

Christmas and New Year are very majestically celebrated in Anaimalayanpatty.

Famous personalities

Theni District is home to several well known Tamil entertainment personalities including:

political speakers

Tamil writers

Theni District is home to several well known Tamil Literary writers including:

Cinema Directors

Theni.M.Subramani

Theni.M.Subramani writing Tamil story, essays and jokes in various Tamil magazine. He has contributed Four Tamil books.

  1. Tamil Inaya Sitrithalkal- Manivasakar Publications, Chennai
  2. Tamil Wikipedia - Manivasakar Publications, Chennai
  3. Suvaiyana 100 Inayathalankal - Gowtham pathippagam, Chennai
  4. Manavarkalukkana 100 Inayathalankal - Gowtham Pathippagam, Chennai

He has been a Textile Mill Labour's son, graduated M.Phil. (JMC) from Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. He starded Muthukamalam Tamil web magazine from 01-06-2006.

Dewan V. Selvam

A notable personality in English literary field Mr. Dewan V. Selvam, an emerging English writer in Poetry is from Theni-Palacombai. Through his writings in English Poetry he has contributed three volume of books to the English literary world. He has been a farmer's son, graduated (M.Phil) from Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. And he actively participates in social activities for the reformation of society especially for the caste-free society through his writings.

References

  1. ^ "2011 Census of India" (Excel). Indian government. 16 April 2011. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tamilnadu.html. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f National Environmental Information System (India). "Environment Profile for Theni district". ENVIS. pp. 1–29. http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/DtProfiles/theni.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 
  3. ^ a b M.Subramani M.A., M.Phil., P.G.D.J & M.C., D.L.L & A.L.,. "History of Theni District.". thenitimes.sitesled.com. pp. history p1/2. http://www.thenitimes.sitesled.com/history.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 
  4. ^ a b M.Subramani M.A., M.Phil., P.G.D.J & M.C., D.L.L & A.L.,. "History of Theni District.". thenitimes.sitesled.com. pp. history p2/2. http://www.thenitimes.sitesled.com/history1.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 
  5. ^ a b p.29
  6. ^ Collectorate staff (2006-2007). "District Profile Theni District" (PDF). District Collectorate, Theni. pp. 1–15. http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/pdfs/District%20at%20a%20Glance.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 
  7. ^ Collectorate staff (2006-2007). "District Statistical Handbook 2006-2007 Theni District" (PDF). District Collectorate, Theni. pp. 1–47. http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/pdfs/statistics.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 
  8. ^ p.15
  9. ^ a b c d e f "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  10. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html. Retrieved 2011-10-01. "Trinidad and Tobago 1,227,505 July 2011 est." 
  11. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2011-09-30. "New Hampshire 1,316,470" 
  12. ^ a b M.SUBRAMANI M.A., M.Phil., P.G.D.J & M.C., D.L.L & A.L.,. "Tourist Place in Theni District.". thenitimes.sitesled.com. pp. 1,Tourist Place. http://thenitimes.sitesled.com/Tourist%20Places.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 

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